INFORMATION

Psicothema was founded in Asturias (northern Spain) in 1989, and is published jointly by the Psychology Faculty of the University of Oviedo and the Psychological Association of the Principality of Asturias (Colegio Oficial de Psicología del Principado de Asturias).
We currently publish four issues per year, which accounts for some 100 articles annually. We admit work from both the basic and applied research fields, and from all areas of Psychology, all manuscripts being anonymously reviewed prior to publication.

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Psychometric Properties of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in Spanish Adults

David Arjol1, Sara Mora-Simón1,2, Emiliano Rodríguez-Sánchez1,3, Manuel A. Gómez-Marcos1,3, Luis García-Ortiz1,3, José A. Maderuelo-Fernández1, Cristina Lugones-Sánchez1, Jaime Unzueta-Arce1,2


1 Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (Spain)
2 Universidad de Salamanca (Spain)
3 Gerencia de Atención Primaria de Salamanca, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (Spain)

Abstract: Background: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is widely used for cognitive screening, but its dimensionality and domain-specific accuracy require validation with methods for ordinal items. The objective was to analyze the internal structure of the MoCA in a cognitive impairment-free Spanish community sample and examine its relationship with variables potentially related to the risk of cognitive impairment. Method: A total of 1,767 Spanish adults (aged 18-89 years) were assessed in primary care centers using the MoCA, and sociodemographic and health variables were recorded. Internal structure and metric properties were analyzed using factor models and item response theory, as well as their association with external variables and the concordance of the resulting solution. Results: The theoretical models tested did not demonstrate adequate fit. Cross-validation identified a 12-item solution in two correlated factors (Memory and Multiple), with excellent fit (CFI = .991; RMSEA = .019) and latent correlation r = .63. The abbreviated version showed high concordance with the total score (ICC = .96) and substantial agreement in dichotomous classification (k = .84). Conclusions: The MoCA exhibited a two-factor structure and consistent associations with external variables such as age, educational level, and vascular risk; a dimensional interpretation is recommended.


Resumen: Antecedentes: El Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) se emplea ampliamente para el rastreo cognitivo, pero su dimensionalidad y precisión por dominio requieren validación con métodos para ítems ordinales. El objetivo fue analizar la estructura interna del MoCA en una muestra comunitaria española sin deterioro cognitivo (DC) y examinar su relación con variables potencialmente relacionadas con el riesgo de DC. Método: Se evaluó a 1,767 adultos (18-89 años) españoles procedentes de centros de atención primaria mediante el MoCA y se registraron variables sociodemográficas y de salud. Se analizaron la estructura interna y propiedades métricas mediante modelos factoriales y teoría de respuesta al ítem, así como su asociación con variables externas y la concordancia de la solución resultante. Resultados: Los modelos teóricos contrastados no mostraron ajuste adecuado. La validación cruzada identificó una solución de 12 ítems en dos factores correlacionados (Mnésico y Múltiple), con ajuste excelente (CFI = .991; RMSEA = .019) y correlación latente r = .63. La versión abreviada mostró alta concordancia con la puntuación total (CCI = .96) y acuerdo sustancial en la clasificación dicotómica (k = .84). Conclusiones: El MoCA mostró una estructura de dos factores y asociaciones coherentes con variables externas como la edad, el nivel educativo y el riesgo vascular; se recomienda priorizar una interpretación dimensional.

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Factor Impacto JCR SSCI 2024 = 3.5 (Q1) · JIF percentile 2024 = 88.1 · JCI = 1.32 | CiteScore SCOPUS 2025 = 7.3 (Q1) · SJR 2025 = 1.075 · SNIP 2024 = 1.458